Resumo O estudo foi desenhado para investigar o efeito da suplementação de mananoligossacarídeo (MOS) na histomorfologia intestinal, imunidade contra o vírus da doença de Newcastle (NDV) e parâmetros produtivos de frangos de corte. Um total de 1.800 pintos de corte de um dia da linhagem Cobb-500 foram selecionados e distribuídos aleatoriamente em 6 grupos de tratamento: T1 (dieta basal sem antibióticos como controle negativo); T2 (dieta basal mais antibióticos como grupo controle positivo); T3 (dieta basal mais 200g/ton MOS); T4 (dieta basal mais 400g/ton MOS); T5 (dieta basal mais 600g/ton MOS) e T6 (dieta basal mais 800g/ton MOS). Cada tratamento tinha 6 repetições e o consumo de ração, ganho de peso corporal e conversão alimentar foram registrados semanalmente. Os resultados mostraram que as aves suplementadas com MOS apresentam consumo de ração, ganho de peso e CA significativamente maiores (P < 0,05). Da mesma forma, a suplementação de MOS mostrou efeito positivo na altura das vilosidades e na profundidade das criptas tanto no jejuno quanto no íleo. A densidade de células caliciformes não foi afetada pela adição de MOS (P < 0,05). Além disso, as aves alimentadas com dietas contendo MOS apresentaram melhor desempenho produtivo em comparação aos grupos controle positivo e negativo. Em conclusão, o MOS pode substituir os promotores de crescimento de antibióticos (AGPs) como defensores de alimentos não microbianos que melhoram o desempenho.

Abstract The study was designed to investigate the effect of mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) supplementation on intestinal histomorphology, immunity against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and productive parameters of broilers. A total of 1800, day old broiler chicks of Cobb-500 strain were selected and randomly assorted into 6 treatment groups: T1 (basal diet without antibiotics as negative control); T2 (basal diet plus antibiotics as positive control group); T3 (basal diet plus 200g/ton MOS); T4 (basal diet plus 400g/ton MOS); T5 (basal diet plus 600g/ton MOS) and T6 (basal diet plus 800g/ton MOS). Each treatment was having 6 replicates and the feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded on weekly basis. Results showed that, MOS supplemented birds have significantly higher feed intake, weight gain and FCR (P < 0.05). Similarly, supplementation of MOS showed positive effect on villus height and crypt depth both in jejunum and ilium. Goblet cell density was unaffected by MOS addition (P < 0.05). Furthermore, birds fed with diets containing MOS, exhibited better productive performance in comparison to positive and negative control groups. In conclusion, MOS can replace antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) as non-microbial performance-enhancing feed advocates.

Resumo Os pássaros são indicadores muito valiosos da riqueza de espécies e padrões endêmicos em um determinado ecossistema, o que acaba ajudando o cientista a medir a degradação ambiental. O objetivo do presente estudo foi conhecer o conhecimento humano e a atitude em relação às aves urbanas na cidade de Faisalabad, Paquistão. O estudo foi conduzido em quatro meses consecutivos: novembro de 2019 a fevereiro de 2020. A população de pássaros foi observada em oito cidades residenciais da cidade de Faisalabad, os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário. Faisalabad tem uma população razoavelmente grande de pássaros, e os dados atuais mostram que há uma diferença significativa entre as aves favoritas de áreas residenciais e instituições. O pombo recebeu mais semelhanças na população de pássaros entre os residentes de áreas residenciais, enquanto o myna recebeu menos. A ave mais popular nas instituições de Faisalabad era o pardal, enquanto a ave menos popular era o myna comum. A porcentagem de adaptação de pássaros em áreas residenciais e institucionais de Faisalabad foi a mais alta para papagaios e pardais, respectivamente. As pessoas em áreas residenciais e instituições, por outro lado, se adaptaram menos ao myna comum. Conclui-se que pessoas da área de estudo como pássaros e alimentos oferecidos e alta população de pássaros estão presentes na área de estudo.

Abstract Birds are very valuable indicators of species richness and endemic patterns in a specified ecosystem, which eventually help the scientist to measure the environmental degradation. The aim of present study was to know human knowledge and attitude toward urban birds in Faisalabad city, Pakistan. The study conducted in four consecutive months: November 2019 to February 2020. Population of birds was noted from eight residential towns of Faisalabad city, data were collected through questionnaire. Faisalabad has a reasonably large population of birds and present data show that, there is a significant difference between favorite bird of residential areas and institutions. The pigeon received the most likeness in bird population among residential area residents, while the myna received the least. The most popular bird in Faisalabad institutions was the sparrow, while the least popular bird was the common myna. Bird adaptation percentage of residential areas and institutional areas of Faisalabad was the highest for parrot and sparrow respectively. People in residential areas and institutions, on the other hand, adapted least to common myna. It is concluded that people of the study area like birds and offered food and high population of birds are present in study area.

ABSTRACT Bone mineralization is considered an essential source of minerals for metabolic needs that provide strength and hardness to the bone tissues and in birds its development can be enhanced by the use of dietary supplements. The present study was executed to evaluate the influence of prebiotic, probiotic and antibiotic on the morphometric aspects of tibia bone in broilers. One-hundred and sixty-one-day-old broiler chick were divided randomly into four groups (n=40) with 4 replicates (n=10 in each replicate). Group-I fed with only corn based basal diet and served as controlled group. Group-II with antibiotic supplement (Zinc bacitracin 0.04%), Group-III with probiotic supplement (lactobacillus 0.1%) & Group-IV with prebiotic supplement (mannan oligosaccharide 0.1%). On the 35th day, two birds were selected randomly from each replicate and slaughtered to record the morphometric parameters of both right and left tibia bones from each bird. The findings showed that the length, weight, thickness of lateral and medial wall, tibiotarsal index of bone and bone ash percentage of supplemented groups have had significant (p<0.05) difference when compared to that of the controlled group. The weight/length index in birds supplemented with prebiotic and probiotic was significantly higher (p<0.05) than in the antibiotic supplemented and control group. Medullary canal diameter of all the supplemented groups was significantly lower (p<0.05) than the control group. No significant (p>0.05) difference of robusticity index and diaphysis diameter was observed among various groups. A significant (p<0.05) low level of Alkaline Phosphatase while higher level of Calcium and Phosphorus was recorded in the supplemented groups compared to that of the control group. In conclusion, the use of prebiotic and probiotic as growth promoter can exhibit some underline mechanisms in the form of enhancement of bone quality, density and characteristics in broiler chicks as compared to common antibiotics.

RESUMO: A perda de rendimento induzida por plantas daninhas na cultura do trigo é uma grande ameaça à segurança alimentar no Paquistão. Uma compreensão abrangente da competição de culturas de plantas daninhas é muito importante para desenvolver um manejo sustentável e econômico dessas plantas. Para esse propósito, foram conduzidos estudos de campo de dois anos para determinar o efeito de diferentes populações de cardo-mariano na fenologia e rendimento da safra de trigo no esquema de cultivo de trigo de arroz de Sargodha, Paquistão, durante 2013-2014 e 2014-2015. O experimento consistiu de sete tratamentos: controle (livre de plantas daninhas), teste de plantas daninhas (sem controle) e densidade populacional do cardo-mariano de 5, 10, 15, 20 e 25 plantas m-2. Em resposta ao aumento da densidade de plantas daninhas, observou-se redução gradual no rendimento e nas características relacionadas com o rendimento do trigo. Comparado ao controle livre de plantas daninhas, reduções significativas em número de perfilhos produtivos m-2 (20% e 18%), altura de plantas (15% e 18%), comprimento de espiga (19% e 26%), número de grãos espigão-1 (23% e 26%), peso de mil grãos (28% e 28%), grãos (29% e 30%) e rendimento biológico (20% e 24%) de trigo ocorreram em e além da densidade populacional de cardo-mariano de 5 plantas m-2 durante 2013-2014 e 2014-2015, respectivamente. Pode-se concluir que a planta daninha Cardo-mariano deve ser controlada se sua densidade populacional atingir 5 plantas m-2, a fim de evitar perdas significativas no rendimento de grãos do trigo.

ABSTRACT: Weed-induced yield loss in wheat crop is a great threat to food security in Pakistan. A comprehensive understanding of weed-crop competition is very important to develop sustainable and cost-effective weed management. For this purpose, two-year field studies were conducted to determine the effect of different blessed milkthistle densities on the phenology and yield of wheat crop in a rice-wheat cropping scheme in Sargodha, Pakistan during 2013-2014 and 2014-2015. The experiment comprised seven treatments: control (weed free), weedy check (weedy without any control) and blessed milkthistle densities of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 plants m-2. In response to increasing weed density, a gradual reduction in yield and yield-related traits of wheat was noted. Compared to the weed-free control, a significant reduction in number of productive tillers m-2 (20% and 18%), plant height (15% and 18%), spike length (19% and 26%), number of grains spike-1 (23% and 26%), 1000 grain weight (28% and 28%), grain (29% and 30%) and biological (20% and 24%) yields of wheat occurred at and beyond blessed milkthistle density of 5 plants m-2 during 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 respectively. It can be concluded that blessed milkthistle weed must be controlled if its population density reaches 5 plants m-2 in order to avoid significant grain yield losses in wheat.

ABSTRACT The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementation of garlic, ginger in the diets of broiler chickens and assessment in terms of feed intake, growth performance and economics of feeding. The results showed that groups supplemented with 0.5% garlic powder and 0.5% ginger powder has shown significant effects on body weight as compared to the control group at day 28. Groups supplemented with 0.5% garlic powder and 0.5% ginger powder show significant increase in body weight than the groups supplemented with 0.25% garlic powder and 0.25% ginger powder. Between different supplemented groups, villus length and width of duodenum and jejunum of birds served with 0.5% garlic powder and 0.5% ginger powder is significantly higher than the villus length and width of birds supplemented with 0.25% garlic and 0.25% ginger powder. Between different supplemented groups, villus length of ileum of the group supplemented with 0.5% garlic powder is significantly (p<0.05) lower than the villus length of the groups supplemented with 0.25% garlic powder and 0.25% ginger powder.

ABSTRACT The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of feeding vegetable waste (VW) to broilers on their growth performance, serum chemistry, immune status, meat mineral content and lipid oxidation status. For this purpose, 100 one-day-old chicks (Cobb 500) were acquired from a commercial hatchery and allocated according to a completely randomized design into five dietary treatments with four replicates of five birds each. The dietary treatments included: T1 ( 100 % c o m m e r c i a l f e e d ( C F ) + 0 % V W), T2 ( 75 % C F + 25 % V W), T3 ( 50 % C F + 50 % V W), T4 ( 25 % C F + 75 % V W) and T5 ( 0 % C F + 100 % V W). Experimental birds were subjected to dietary treatments from 5 to 7 weeks of age. At the end of week 7 (49 days), eight birds with uniform average body weight were selected per treatment (2birds/replicate), kept off-feed for 4 h and then manually slaughtered according to the Halal method to collect data for serum chemistry, meat minerals and lipid oxidation status. The results indicated better meat lipid oxidation status (p≤0.05) and lower meat mineral content (p≤0.05) when birds fed VW at 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the diets compared with 100% commercial feed. On the other hand, blood chemistry and antibody response parameters did not respond (p>0.05) to dietary intervention. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of vegetable waste had positive influence on meat quality in terms of meat lipid oxidation and meat mineral content, and may be replace up to 75% of commercial broiler feeds with beneficial effects.

RESUMO: O partênio é uma planta importante que representa uma grave ameaça ao rendimento e qualidade do sorgo e de muitas outras culturas da estação do verão, em todo o mundo. Como em outras culturas de campo, o partênio também reduz o rendimento e a qualidade das forrageiras nas culturas forrageiras, de modo que deve ser controlado nas forragens. A eficácia do controle de partênio de cinco tratamentos de herbicidas, incluindo dicamba a 304,5 g i.a. ha-1 (dose completa), dose total de dicamba + 1% de sulfato de amônio, dose total de dicamba + 2% de sulfato de amônio, dicamba at 75% da dose + 1% de sulfato de amônio e dicamba at 75% da dose + 2% de sulfato de amônio, foi testada no campo por dois anos consecutivos (2013 e 2014). Uma capina três semanas após o surgimento da colheita e o monitoramento de plantas daninhas foram mantidos como controle. A aplicação da dose total de dicamba com 2% de sulfato de amônio apresentou menor peso seco de partênio (16,5 g m-2 e 23,5 g m-2), e a absorção de NPK acompanhou a maior eficiência de controle de partênio, de 79,6% e 73,8% em 2013 e 2014, respectivamente. Essa estratégia de manejo de plantas daninhas também proporcionou valores máximos de componentes de produção de sorgo forrageiro, incluindo altura da planta (261 e 254 cm), diâmetro do caule (0,97 e 0,84 cm), área foliar por planta (3.072 e 3.041 cm2), rendimento de forragem fresca (63,4 e 60,9 t ha-1) e rendimento de matéria seca (17,4 e 15,8 t ha-1), em 2013 e 2014, respectivamente. Maior retorno líquido e taxa de retorno marginal (346 e 356% durante 2013 e 2014, respectivamente) também foram observados quando a dose total de dicamba com 2% de sulfato de amônio foi aplicada. Em conclusão, a aplicação misturada em tanque de dicamba at 304,5 g i.a. ha-1 com 2% de sulfato de amônio mostrou ser melhor para o controle eficiente da planta de partênio em sorgo forrageiro.

ABSTRACT: Parthenium is an important weed which poses severe threats to yield and quality of sorghum and many other summer season crops, worldwide. As in other field crops, parthenium also reduces yield and quality of forage plants in forage crops so it should be controlled in forage and fodder crops. Parthenium control efficacy of five herbicide treatments (including dicamba at 304.5 g a.i. ha-1 (full rate) alone, dicamba at full rate + 1% ammonium sulphate, dicamba at full rate + 2% ammonium sulphate, dicamba at 75% rate + 1% ammonium sulphate and dicamba at 75% rate + 2% ammonium sulphate) was tested in field trials for two consecutive years (2013 and 2014). One manual hoeing three weeks after crop emergence was also performed as a treatment and weedy check was kept as control. Application of the full rate of dicamba with 2% ammonium sulphate showed the lowest parthenium dry weight (16.5 g m-2 and 23.5 g m-2) and NPK uptake that seem to be due to the highest parthenium control efficiency of 79.6% and 73.8% during 2013 and 2014, respectively. This weed management strategy also gave maximum values of yield components of forage sorghum, including plant height (261 and 254 cm), stem diameter (0.97 and 0.84 cm), leaf area per plant (3,072 and 3,041 cm2), fresh fodder yield (63.4 and 60.9 t ha-1) and dry matter yield (17.4 and 15.8 t ha-1) in 2013 and 2014, respectively. Highest net return and marginal rate of return (346 and 356% in 2013 and 2014, respectively) were also found when the full rate of dicamba with 2% ammonium sulphate was applied. In conclusion, tank-mixed application of dicamba at 304.5 g a.i. ha-1 with 2% of ammonium sulphate proved to be better for efficient control of parthenium weed in forage sorghum.

RESUMO Um experimento em campo foi conduzido por dois anos consecutivos, a fim de estudar o efeito de diferentes densidades de Parthenium (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 e 16 plantas m-2) sobre os componentes de produção e produtividade de sorgo forrageiro, bem como seu nível de dano econômico. O experimento foi realizado durante o verão, em delineamento de blocos completos (DBC) com quatro repetições. Os resultados mostraram que diferentes densidades de Parthenium reduziram o rendimento e seus componentes do sorgo forrageiro. Contudo, o efeito foi menos proeminente em baixa densidade de Parthenium. Com o aumento da densidade de plantas de Parthenium, observou-se declínio significativo no rendimento e seus componentes Além disso, verificou-se redução na altura das plantas de 17,19% e 15,32%; diâmetro do caule, de 31,79% e 28,10%; número de folhas por planta, de 18,88% e 10,16%; colmo, de 51,01% e 45,03%; e rendimento de forragem fresca, de 24,97% e 26,49%, durante 2013 e 2014, respectivamente. O índice competitivo das plantas de Parthenium, a matéria seca e a captação dos principais nutrientes (NPK) também aumentaram à medida que a densidade delas foi aumentada. O nível de dano econômico sugerido de Parthenium foi de 2,2 plantas m-2, sendo recomendado o seu controle a partir dessa densidade, visando obter alto rendimento e boa qualidade de forragem das plantas de sorgo.

ABSTRACT A field trial was conducted for two consecutive years to evaluate the effect of different parthenium densities (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 plants m-2) on the yield and yield components of forage sorghum along with parthenium economic threshold level. The experiment was laid out during the summer in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Different parthenium densities reduced yield and yield components of forage sorghum, as the parthenium density increased significant decline in yield and yield components. The highest parthenium density (16 plants m-2) reduced plant height by 17.19% and 15.32%, stem diameter by 31.79% and 28.10%, leaf area per plant by 18.88% and 10.16%, leaf to stem ratio by 51.01% and 45.03% and fresh fodder yield by 24.97% and 26.49% throughout 2013 and 2014, respectively. Parthenium relative competitive index (RCI), dry weight and nutrient uptake (NPK) also increased as parthenium density increased. The suggested economic threshold level of parthenium was 2.2 and 1.6 plants m-2 in 2013 and 2014, respectively. Thus, control the parthenium at this density level is suggested for achieving high yield of good quality sorghum fodder.

In this work we present the plasma displacement and ßp +l i/2 by the Simplest Grad-Shafranov Equation (GSE) solution using Solov'ev assumption for circular cross section HT-7 tokamak. Using diamagnetic and compensation loop, combining with poloidal magnetic probe array signals, plasma displacement and ßp +l i/2 are measured. In this paper, theoretical and experimental results in determining plasma displacement and ßp +l i/2 are presented. We have seen that the calculated plasma displacement and the calculated ßp +l i/2 depend on the kind of discharge or plasma current.

The relation between parallel viscosity and the parallel conductivity for tokamak plasma has been derived by combining Ideal MHD equilibrium equations with the concept of universal profiles. It is obtained that the parallel viscosity Π║ and parallel conductivity σ║ in a tokamak are related by Π║σ║-1 = γ (U-U0)I/R, where U is the loop voltage, U0 is attributed to polarization, I is the toroidal current and R is the major radius of the machine. The coefficient γ depends on para- or diamagnetism and on toroidal effects and exhibits a weak dependence on the minor radius.

A new set of actively cooled toroidal double-ring graphite limiters have been developed on the HT-7 tokamk for long pulse operation. In this paper, a Multifaceted asymmetric radiation from the edge (MARFE) phenomena and improved particle confinement induced by a MARFE, characterized by Halpha line emissions drops and the line-averaged density increase have been studied in the HT-7 ohmic discharges (where the plasma current Ip=145 kA, loop voltage Vloop =2-3 V, toroidal field B T =1.7 T, and Zeff =2-8). It is found that the improved particle confinement phase exists for about 90 ms and the particle confinement time tP increased about 1.6 times.

In this work, we discuss the preliminary analysis of some disruptive plasma discharges with a moveable graphite limiter on the HT-7 tokamak, which has been developed in order to investigate the influence of the horizontal plasma position on the density limit. What we have observed is that the m=2, MHD component dominates during almost the whole discharge duration, when the density limit is approached at values of the edge safety factor 3 < q(a) < 3.5. For the poloidal-magnetic-field fluctuations observed at the Mirnov coils, Mirnov-coil analysis shows that the m = 2 mode is unstable, which finally causes disruption.